{"id":210684,"date":"2026-02-14T20:01:32","date_gmt":"2026-02-14T12:01:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/?p=210684"},"modified":"2026-02-05T20:03:33","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T12:03:33","slug":"ubuntu-%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e5%90%af%e5%8a%a8%e6%b5%81%e7%a8%8b%e4%b8%8e%e6%9c%8d%e5%8a%a1%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86%e6%9c%ba%e5%88%b6%e8%a7%a3%e6%9e%90","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/210684\/","title":{"rendered":"Ubuntu \u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u6d41\u7a0b\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u5236\u89e3\u6790"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ubuntu \u7684\u542f\u52a8\u6d41\u7a0b\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u5236\u5728\u73b0\u4ee3\u7248\u672c\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u662f 16.04 \u4e4b\u540e\uff09\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b8c\u5168\u57fa\u4e8e systemd<\/strong> \u4f53\u7cfb\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6d41\u7a0b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u5feb\u901f\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5f00\u673a\u6162\u3001\u542f\u52a8\u5931\u8d25\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u5f02\u5e38\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u8fd8\u80fd\u8ba9\u4f60\u66f4\u6df1\u523b\u5730\u7406\u89e3 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u201c\u4ece\u6309\u4e0b\u7535\u6e90\u5230\u51fa\u73b0\u767b\u5f55\u63d0\u793a\u201d\u5230\u5e95\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5185\u5bb9\u4ee5 Ubuntu 24.04 LTS \u4e3a\u57fa\u51c6\uff082026 \u5e74\u4e3b\u6d41\u751f\u4ea7\u7248\u672c\uff09\uff0c\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u987a\u5e8f\u5b8c\u6574\u62c6\u89e3\u542f\u52a8\u94fe\u8def\uff0c\u5e76\u91cd\u70b9\u89e3\u6790 systemd \u7684\u670d\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u6838\u5fc3\u903b\u8f91\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u3001Ubuntu \u542f\u52a8\u5b8c\u6574\u6d41\u7a0b\uff08\u4ece BIOS\/UEFI \u5230\u7528\u6237\u767b\u5f55\uff09<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \n

    \u56fa\u4ef6\u9636\u6bb5\uff08BIOS \/ UEFI\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • \u5f00\u673a \u2192 \u4e3b\u677f\u56fa\u4ef6\u81ea\u68c0\uff08POST\uff09<\/li>\n
    • \u8bfb\u53d6\u5f15\u5bfc\u987a\u5e8f \u2192 \u627e\u5230\u5f15\u5bfc\u8bbe\u5907\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f \/boot \u5206\u533a\u6216 ESP \u5206\u533a\uff09<\/li>\n
    • \u52a0\u8f7d\u5f15\u5bfc\u52a0\u8f7d\u5668\uff08Bootloader\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
    • \n

      \u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\u5f15\u5bfc\u52a0\u8f7d\u5668\uff08Bootloader Stage 1\uff09<\/strong> Ubuntu \u9ed8\u8ba4\u4f7f\u7528 GRUB2<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      • GRUB \u8bfb\u53d6 \/boot\/grub\/grub.cfg<\/li>\n
      • \u663e\u793a GRUB \u83dc\u5355\uff08\u53ef\u9009\u62e9\u5185\u6838\u7248\u672c\u3001\u8fdb\u5165 rescue mode\uff09<\/li>\n
      • \u52a0\u8f7d\u9009\u4e2d\u7684\u5185\u6838\uff08vmlinuz\uff09\u548c\u521d\u59cb\u5185\u5b58\u76d8\uff08initrd \/ initramfs\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
      • \n

        \u5185\u6838\u89e3\u538b\u4e0e initramfs \u6267\u884c<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        • \u5185\u6838\u89e3\u538b\u5230\u5185\u5b58<\/li>\n
        • \u6302\u8f7d initramfs\uff08\u4e34\u65f6\u6839\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u9a71\u52a8\u548c\u5de5\u5177\uff09<\/li>\n
        • initramfs \u4e2d\u7684 init \u811a\u672c\u8fd0\u884c\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u5b8c\u6210\uff1a\n
            \n
          • \u52a0\u8f7d\u5fc5\u8981\u6a21\u5757\uff08\u786c\u76d8\u63a7\u5236\u5668\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u3001RAID\u3001LVM\u3001\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b49\uff09<\/li>\n
          • \u6302\u8f7d\u771f\u5b9e\u6839\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08\/\uff09<\/li>\n
          • \u5207\u6362\u63a7\u5236\u6743\uff1aswitch_root \u5230\u771f\u5b9e\u6839\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
          • \n

            systemd \u6210\u4e3a PID 1\uff08\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \n
            • \u5185\u6838\u542f\u52a8\u540e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u7528\u6237\u6001\u8fdb\u7a0b\u662f \/lib\/systemd\/systemd\uff08PID 1\uff09<\/li>\n
            • systemd \u8bfb\u53d6\u9ed8\u8ba4 target\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u662f graphical.target \u6216 multi-user.target\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
            • \n

              systemd \u521d\u59cb\u5316\u9636\u6bb5\uff08\u6309\u4f9d\u8d56\u987a\u5e8f\u5e76\u884c\u542f\u52a8\uff09<\/strong> systemd \u628a\u542f\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u591a\u4e2a \u5355\u5143\uff08unit\uff09<\/strong>\uff0c\u6309\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u5e76\u884c\u6267\u884c\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u9636\u6bb5\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n

                \n
              • sysinit.target \u6700\u65e9\u6267\u884c\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7cfb\u7edf\u521d\u59cb\u5316\uff08\u6302\u8f7d \/proc\u3001\/sys\u3001\/dev\u3001\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3001\u52a0\u8f7d\u6a21\u5757\u7b49\uff09<\/li>\n
              • basic.target \u66f4\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u670d\u52a1\uff08\u65e5\u5fd7\u3001\u4e34\u65f6\u76ee\u5f55\u3001\u8bbe\u5907\u8282\u70b9\u7b49\uff09<\/li>\n
              • multi-user.target\uff08\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09 \/ graphical.target\uff08\u684c\u9762\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09 \u6838\u5fc3\u670d\u52a1\u3001\u7f51\u7edc\u3001\u767b\u5f55\u7ba1\u7406\u5668\u7b49<\/li>\n
              • getty.target \u2192 \u542f\u52a8\u7ec8\u7aef\u767b\u5f55\uff08ctrl+alt+F1~F6\uff09<\/li>\n
              • \uff08\u684c\u9762\u7248\u989d\u5916\uff09display-manager.service \u2192 gdm \/ sddm \/ lightdm \u7b49\u56fe\u5f62\u767b\u5f55\u754c\u9762<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
              • \n

                \u7528\u6237\u767b\u5f55\u9636\u6bb5<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                • \u63a7\u5236\u53f0\u767b\u5f55\uff1agetty \u2192 login \u2192 shell<\/li>\n
                • SSH \u767b\u5f55\uff1asshd.service \u2192 PAM \u8ba4\u8bc1 \u2192 \u7528\u6237 shell<\/li>\n
                • \u56fe\u5f62\u767b\u5f55\uff1adisplay manager \u2192 greeter \u2192 \u7528\u6237\u4f1a\u8bdd\uff08systemd –user\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  \u4e8c\u3001systemd \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0e\u670d\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u5236<\/h3>\n

                  systemd \u53d6\u4ee3 SysV init \u548c Upstart \u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u662f\u201c\u5e76\u884c\u5316 + \u58f0\u660e\u5f0f + \u4f9d\u8d56\u7ba1\u7406 + \u72b6\u6001\u8ddf\u8e2a\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. \n

                    \u5355\u5143\uff08Unit\uff09\u7684\u4e94\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u7c7b\u578b<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \n
                    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \u7c7b\u578b<\/th>\n\u6587\u4ef6\u540e\u7f00<\/th>\n\u4e3b\u8981\u4f5c\u7528<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                    Service<\/td>\n.service<\/td>\n\u5b88\u62a4\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3001\u670d\u52a1\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    Target<\/td>\n.target<\/td>\n\u540c\u6b65\u70b9\u3001\u7ec4\u670d\u52a1\uff08\u7c7b\u4f3c runlevel\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    Socket<\/td>\n.socket<\/td>\n\u5ef6\u8fdf\u542f\u52a8\uff08socket activation\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    Mount<\/td>\n.mount<\/td>\n\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    Device \/ Path \/ Timer \u7b49<\/td>\n\u5176\u4ed6\u89e6\u53d1\u5668<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                  2. \n

                    \u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u673a\u5236\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • Wants \/ Requires \/ Requisite\uff1a\u8f6f\/\u786c\u4f9d\u8d56<\/li>\n
                    • After \/ Before\uff1a\u542f\u52a8\u987a\u5e8f<\/li>\n
                    • Conflicts\uff1a\u4e92\u65a5<\/li>\n
                    • PartOf \/ BindsTo\uff1a\u8ddf\u968f\u5173\u7cfb<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \u5178\u578b\u5199\u6cd5\u793a\u4f8b\uff08\/lib\/systemd\/system\/nginx.service\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n

                      \n
                      \n
                      \n
                      text<\/div>\n
                      <\/div>\n
                      \n
                      [Unit]\r\nDescription=A high performance web server...\r\nAfter=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target\r\n\r\n[Service]\r\nType=forking\r\nExecStart=\/usr\/sbin\/nginx\r\nExecReload=\/usr\/sbin\/nginx -s reload\r\nRestart=on-failure\r\n\r\n[Install]\r\nWantedBy=multi-user.target<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
                    • \n
                      \u542f\u52a8\u7c7b\u578b\uff08Type=\uff09\u51b3\u5b9a\u670d\u52a1\u884c\u4e3a<\/strong><\/p>\n
                        \n
                      • simple\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09\uff1a\u524d\u53f0\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0csystemd \u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5c31\u662f ExecStart<\/li>\n
                      • forking\uff1a\u542f\u52a8\u540e fork \u51fa\u5b50\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5e76\u9000\u51fa\uff08\u7ecf\u5178 daemon\uff09<\/li>\n
                      • oneshot\uff1a\u6267\u884c\u4e00\u6b21\u5c31\u7ed3\u675f\uff08\u811a\u672c\u3001\u6302\u8f7d\uff09<\/li>\n
                      • notify\uff1a\u670d\u52a1\u901a\u8fc7 sd_notify \u901a\u77e5 systemd\u201c\u6211\u51c6\u5907\u597d\u4e86\u201d<\/li>\n
                      • idle\uff1a\u5ef6\u8fdf\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u52a1\u5b8c\u6210\u540e\u542f\u52a8<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                      • \n
                        socket activation\uff08\u73b0\u4ee3\u7279\u6027\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n
                        systemd \u53ef\u4ee5\u5148\u76d1\u542c\u7aef\u53e3\uff0c\u771f\u6b63\u9700\u8981\u65f6\u624d\u542f\u52a8\u670d\u52a1\uff08\u8282\u7701\u8d44\u6e90\u3001\u52a0\u5feb\u5f00\u673a\uff09\u3002 \u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1asshd.socket + sshd@.service<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
                      • \n
                        \u91cd\u542f\u7b56\u7565\uff08Restart=\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n
                          \n
                        • no \/ always \/ on-success \/ on-failure \/ on-abnormal \/ on-watchdog \/ on-abort<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                          \u4e09\u3001\u5e38\u7528\u7ba1\u7406\u547d\u4ee4\u4e0e\u6392\u67e5\u601d\u8def<\/h3>\n
                            \n
                          • \u67e5\u770b\u542f\u52a8\u8017\u65f6\uff1asystemd-analyze \/ systemd-analyze blame<\/li>\n
                          • \u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d target\uff1asystemctl get-default<\/li>\n
                          • \u5207\u6362\u8fd0\u884c\u7ea7\u522b\uff1asystemctl isolate multi-user.target<\/li>\n
                          • \u670d\u52a1\u72b6\u6001\uff1asystemctl status \u670d\u52a1\u540d<\/li>\n
                          • \u65e5\u5fd7\uff1ajournalctl -u \u670d\u52a1\u540d -b<\/li>\n
                          • \u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u6811\uff1asystemctl list-dependencies multi-user.target<\/li>\n
                          • \u5f00\u673a\u5931\u8d25\u5355\u5143\uff1asystemctl –failed<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                            \u56db\u3001\u603b\u7ed3\uff1asystemd \u5e26\u6765\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u53d8\u5316<\/h3>\n
                              \n
                            • \u4ece\u201c\u4e32\u884c\u7b49\u5f85\u201d\u5230\u201c\u58f0\u660e\u4f9d\u8d56 + \u5e76\u884c\u542f\u52a8\u201d<\/li>\n
                            • \u4ece\u201c\u811a\u672c\u9a71\u52a8\u201d\u5230\u201c\u5355\u5143\u6587\u4ef6 + \u5c5e\u6027\u9a71\u52a8\u201d<\/li>\n
                            • \u4ece\u201c\u96be\u4ee5\u8ffd\u8e2a\u201d\u5230\u201cjournalctl + cgroups \u5168\u9762\u53ef\u89c2\u6d4b\u201d<\/li>\n
                            • \u4ece\u201c\u91cd\u542f\u5373\u91cd\u8f7d\u201d\u5230\u201c\u652f\u6301 socket activation\u3001\u81ea\u52a8\u91cd\u542f\u3001\u72b6\u6001\u901a\u77e5\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                              \u7406\u89e3\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u542f\u52a8\u94fe\u8def\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u673a\u5236\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\uff1a<\/p>\n
                                \n
                              • \u5f00\u673a\u6162 \u2192 systemd-analyze blame \u627e\u8017\u65f6\u5355\u5143<\/li>\n
                              • \u670d\u52a1\u542f\u52a8\u5931\u8d25 \u2192 journalctl -u -b -xe<\/li>\n
                              • \u4f9d\u8d56\u987a\u5e8f\u9519\u4e71 \u2192 \u68c0\u67e5 After\/Wants\/Requires<\/li>\n
                              • \u7aef\u53e3\u6ca1\u8d77\u6765 \u2192 \u68c0\u67e5 socket unit \u6216 Type= \u662f\u5426\u6b63\u786e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                                systemd \u867d\u7136\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u65e6\u638c\u63e1\u5176\u58f0\u660e\u5f0f\u4f9d\u8d56\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4f60\u5bf9 Linux \u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u7684\u638c\u63a7\u529b\u4f1a\u63d0\u5347\u4e00\u4e2a\u6570\u91cf\u7ea7\u3002\u8fd9\u4e5f\u662f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48 Ubuntu\u3001Debian\u3001Fedora\u3001RHEL \u7b49\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u4e3b\u6d41\u53d1\u884c\u7248\u90fd\u5168\u9762\u62e5\u62b1\u5b83\u7684\u6839\u672c\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
                                Ubuntu \u7684\u542f\u52a8\u6d41\u7a0b\u548c\u670d\u52a1\u7ba1...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4924],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-210684","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-setup-tutorials"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210684","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=210684"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210684\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":210685,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210684\/revisions\/210685"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=210684"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=210684"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=210684"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}