{"id":210668,"date":"2026-02-07T19:42:05","date_gmt":"2026-02-07T11:42:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/?p=210668"},"modified":"2026-02-05T19:43:03","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T11:43:03","slug":"ubuntu-%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f%e7%9b%ae%e5%bd%95%e7%bb%93%e6%9e%84%e8%af%a6%e8%a7%a3%e4%b8%8e%e4%bd%bf%e7%94%a8%e5%9c%ba%e6%99%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/210668\/","title":{"rendered":"Ubuntu \u7cfb\u7edf\u76ee\u5f55\u7ed3\u6784\u8be6\u89e3\u4e0e\u4f7f\u7528\u573a\u666f"},"content":{"rendered":"

Linux\uff08\u5305\u62ec Ubuntu\uff09\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u7ed3\u6784\u9075\u5faa Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)<\/strong>\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7ea6\u5b9a\u4fd7\u6210\u7684\u5c42\u7ea7\u5e03\u5c40\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u5b83\u80fd\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u5feb\u901f\u5b9a\u4f4d\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u65e5\u5fd7\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u3001\u7528\u6237\u6570\u636e\u7b49\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u201c\u5230\u5904\u627e\u6587\u4ef6\u201d\u7684\u4f4e\u6548\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0b\u9762\u662f Ubuntu Server\uff08\u4ee5\u53ca\u5927\u591a\u6570\u73b0\u4ee3 Linux \u53d1\u884c\u7248\uff09\u4e2d\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u3001\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u6309\u91cd\u8981\u7a0b\u5ea6\u548c\u4f7f\u7528\u9891\u7387\u6392\u5e8f\uff0c\u9644\u5e26\u5b9e\u9645\u751f\u4ea7\u573a\u666f\u8bf4\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6838\u5fc3\u76ee\u5f55\u901f\u89c8\u8868<\/h3>\n
\n
\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u76ee\u5f55<\/th>\n\u82f1\u6587\u5168\u79f0 \/ \u542b\u4e49<\/th>\n\u662f\u5426\u5fc5\u987b\u6302\u8f7d\u5355\u72ec\u5206\u533a<\/th>\n\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u5e38\u89c1\u5927\u5c0f\u5efa\u8bae<\/th>\n\u6838\u5fc3\u7528\u9014\u4e0e\u5178\u578b\u573a\u666f<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\/<\/td>\n\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\uff08\u4e00\u5207\u8d77\u70b9\uff09<\/td>\n\u662f<\/td>\n20\u201350GB\uff08\u89c6\u4e1a\u52a1\uff09<\/td>\n\u6240\u6709\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u7236\u76ee\u5f55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/bin<\/td>\nbinaries\uff08\u57fa\u672c\u547d\u4ee4\uff09<\/td>\n\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e \/ \u4e00\u8d77<\/td>\n\u5c0f<\/td>\nls\u3001cp\u3001mv\u3001cat\u3001mkdir \u7b49\u6838\u5fc3\u547d\u4ee4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/sbin<\/td>\nsystem binaries<\/td>\n\u540c\u4e0a<\/td>\n\u5c0f<\/td>\nfdisk\u3001reboot\u3001ifconfig \u7b49\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ba1\u7406\u547d\u4ee4\uff08root\u4e13\u7528\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/usr<\/td>\nuser programs\uff08\u7528\u6237\u7a0b\u5e8f\uff09<\/td>\n\u53ef\u9009\u5355\u72ec<\/td>\n10\u201330GB<\/td>\n\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5b89\u88c5\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff08\/usr\/bin\u3001\/usr\/lib\u3001\/usr\/share\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/etc<\/td>\netcetera\uff08\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff09<\/td>\n\u63a8\u8350\u5355\u72ec<\/td>\n1\u20135GB<\/td>\n\u51e0\u4e4e\u6240\u6709\u670d\u52a1\u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\uff08nginx.conf\u3001sshd_config\u3001netplan\u7b49\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/var<\/td>\nvariable data\uff08\u53ef\u53d8\u6570\u636e\uff09<\/td>\n\u5f3a\u70c8\u63a8\u8350\u5355\u72ec<\/strong><\/td>\n10\u2013100GB+<\/td>\n\u65e5\u5fd7\u3001\u7f13\u5b58\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u3001\u90ae\u4ef6\u961f\u5217\u3001\u4e34\u65f6\u6587\u4ef6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/home<\/td>\n\u7528\u6237\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55<\/td>\n\u5f3a\u70c8\u63a8\u8350\u5355\u72ec<\/td>\n\u6309\u9700\uff08\u51e0\u5341GB\u5230TB\uff09<\/td>\n\u7528\u6237\u6587\u4ef6\u3001.ssh\u3001.bashrc\u3001\u9879\u76ee\u4ee3\u7801<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/tmp<\/td>\ntemporary files<\/td>\n\u53ef tmpfs\uff08\u5185\u5b58\uff09<\/td>\n1\u20138GB<\/td>\n\u4e34\u65f6\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u7f16\u8bd1\u4e2d\u95f4\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u53ef noexec\u3001nosuid \u6302\u8f7d\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/boot<\/td>\n\u542f\u52a8\u76f8\u5173<\/td>\n\u63a8\u8350\u5355\u72ec\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u52a0\u5bc6\uff09<\/td>\n1\u20132GB<\/td>\n\u5185\u6838\u3001initramfs\u3001grub \u914d\u7f6e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/dev<\/td>\ndevices\uff08\u8bbe\u5907\u6587\u4ef6\uff09<\/td>\n\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210<\/td>\n\u5f88\u5c0f<\/td>\n\/dev\/sda\u3001\/dev\/null \u7b49\uff08udev \u52a8\u6001\u751f\u6210\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/proc<\/td>\nprocess information<\/td>\n\u865a\u62df\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf<\/td>\n\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u5360<\/td>\n\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5185\u6838\u4e0e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f\uff08cat \/proc\/cpuinfo\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/sys<\/td>\nsystem information<\/td>\n\u865a\u62df\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf<\/td>\n\u51e0\u4e4e\u4e0d\u5360<\/td>\n\u786c\u4ef6\u3001\u5185\u6838\u53c2\u6570\u3001\u7535\u6e90\u7ba1\u7406\u7b49\uff08sysfs\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/run<\/td>\nruntime data<\/td>\ntmpfs<\/td>\n\u5c0f<\/td>\n\u9501\u6587\u4ef6\u3001pid \u6587\u4ef6\u3001systemd \u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u6570\u636e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/mnt<\/td>\nmount temporary<\/td>\n\u624b\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9<\/td>\n\u6309\u9700<\/td>\n\u4e34\u65f6\u6302\u8f7d\u5916\u90e8\u78c1\u76d8\u3001\u5149\u76d8\u7b49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/media<\/td>\nremovable media<\/td>\n\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9<\/td>\n\u6309\u9700<\/td>\nU\u76d8\u3001\u79fb\u52a8\u786c\u76d8\u81ea\u52a8\u6302\u8f7d\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff08\u684c\u9762\u7248\u5e38\u7528\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/opt<\/td>\noptional software<\/td>\n\u53ef\u9009<\/td>\n\u6309\u9700<\/td>\n\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u975e apt \u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 Google Chrome\u3001\u67d0\u4e9b\u5546\u4e1a\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/root<\/td>\nroot \u7528\u6237\u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55<\/td>\n\u4e0e \/ \u4e00\u8d77<\/td>\n\u5c0f<\/td>\nroot \u7684 .bashrc\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u547d\u4ee4\u3001\u4e34\u65f6\u811a\u672c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\/lost+found<\/td>\n\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\u4fee\u590d\u6062\u590d\u76ee\u5f55<\/td>\n\u81ea\u52a8\u751f\u6210<\/td>\n\u6781\u5c0f<\/td>\nfsck \u4fee\u590d\u540e\u4e22\u5931\u6587\u4ef6\u6062\u590d\u5904<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u6700\u503c\u5f97\u5355\u72ec\u6302\u8f7d\u7684\u5206\u533a\uff08\u5f3a\u70c8\u63a8\u8350\uff09<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. \/var<\/strong>\uff08\u65e5\u5fd7\u3001\u7f13\u5b58\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u589e\u957f\u6700\u5feb\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff09\n
      \n
    • \u573a\u666f\uff1aNginx\/Apache \u65e5\u5fd7\u3001MySQL\/PostgreSQL \u6570\u636e\u3001Docker \u5bb9\u5668\u6570\u636e\u3001mail queue<\/li>\n
    • \u5efa\u8bae\uff1axfs \u6216 ext4\uff0c\u9884\u7559 50GB+\uff0c\u76d1\u63a7\u589e\u957f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
    • \/home<\/strong>\uff08\u7528\u6237\u4ee3\u7801\u3001\u5bc6\u94a5\u3001\u9879\u76ee\u6587\u4ef6\uff09\n
        \n
      • \u573a\u666f\uff1a\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u4e0a\u4f20\u4ee3\u7801\u3001.ssh\/authorized_keys\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u811a\u672c<\/li>\n
      • \u5efa\u8bae\uff1a\u52a0\u5bc6\u6302\u8f7d\uff08LUKS\uff09\u6216 quota \u9650\u5236\u5355\u4e2a\u7528\u6237<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
      • \/boot<\/strong>\uff08\u5c24\u5176 root \u5206\u533a\u52a0\u5bc6\u65f6\uff09\n
          \n
        • \u573a\u666f\uff1aGRUB \u65e0\u6cd5\u8bfb\u53d6\u52a0\u5bc6\u5206\u533a\uff0c\u9700\u8981 \/boot \u660e\u6587<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
        • \/tmp<\/strong>\uff08\u53ef\u9009 tmpfs\uff09\n
            \n
          • \u6302\u8f7d\u4e3a\u5185\u5b58\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf\uff1atmpfs \/tmp tmpfs defaults,noatime,mode=1777 0 0<\/li>\n
          • \u597d\u5904\uff1a\u901f\u5ea6\u5feb\u3001\u65ad\u7535\u81ea\u52a8\u6e05\u7a7a\u3001\u9632\u6b62\u78c1\u76d8\u5360\u6ee1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \u5e38\u89c1\u8bef\u533a\u4e0e\u6ce8\u610f\u4e8b\u9879<\/h3>\n
              \n
            • \u4e0d\u8981\u628a \/var\/log \u5355\u72ec\u5206\u533a<\/strong> \u5927\u90e8\u5206\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u4e0d\u63a8\u8350\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a \/var\/log \u53ea\u662f \/var \u7684\u5b50\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u5355\u72ec\u5206\u533a\u7ba1\u7406\u590d\u6742\u4e14\u6536\u76ca\u4e0d\u5927\u3002<\/li>\n
            • \/usr\/local vs \/opt<\/strong>\n
                \n
              • \/usr\/local\uff1a\u81ea\u5df1\u7f16\u8bd1\u5b89\u88c5\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff08make install \u9ed8\u8ba4\u8def\u5f84\uff09<\/li>\n
              • \/opt\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u6253\u5305\u597d\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff08\u4f8b\u5982 \/opt\/google\/chrome\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
              • \/snap<\/strong>\uff08Ubuntu \u7279\u8272\uff09 Snap \u5305\u5168\u90e8\u5b89\u88c5\u5728 \/snap \u548c \/var\/lib\/snapd\uff0c\u4f53\u79ef\u53ef\u80fd\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u53ef\u8003\u8651\u7981\u7528 snapd\uff08\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528 snap \u8f6f\u4ef6\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n
              • \u7b26\u53f7\u94fe\u63a5\u5e38\u89c1\u7528\u6cd5<\/strong> \u751f\u4ea7\u4e2d\u5e38\u628a\u5927\u76ee\u5f55\u8f6f\u94fe\u5230\u5927\u5206\u533a\uff1a\n
                \n
                \n
                \n
                text<\/div>\n
                \n
                mv \/var\/lib\/docker \/data\/docker\r\nln -s \/data\/docker \/var\/lib\/docker<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                \u5feb\u901f\u5b9a\u4f4d\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u201c\u9ec4\u91d1\u53e3\u8bc0\u201d<\/h3>\n
                \u8bb0\u4f4f\u8fd9\u51e0\u53e5\uff0c\u80fd\u89e3\u51b3 90% \u7684\u201c\u6587\u4ef6\u5728\u54ea\u201d\u95ee\u9898\uff1a<\/p>\n
                  \n
                • \u670d\u52a1\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6 \u2192 \/etc\/\uff08\u51e0\u4e4e\u5168\u90e8\uff09<\/li>\n
                • \u65e5\u5fd7 \u2192 \/var\/log\/<\/li>\n
                • \u8fd0\u884c\u4e2d\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u4fe1\u606f \u2192 \/proc\/\u8fdb\u7a0b\u53f7\/<\/li>\n
                • \u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u653e\u54ea \u2192 dpkg -L \u5305\u540d \u6216 apt show \u5305\u540d<\/li>\n
                • \u81ea\u5df1\u7f16\u8bd1\u7684\u7a0b\u5e8f \u2192 \/usr\/local\/bin \/ \/usr\/local\/lib<\/li>\n
                • \u7528\u6237\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e1c\u897f \u2192 ~\/ \u6216 \/home\/\u7528\u6237\u540d\/<\/li>\n
                • \u7cfb\u7edf\u542f\u52a8\u62a5\u9519\u770b \u2192 \/var\/log\/boot.log \u6216 journalctl -b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                  \u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u63a8\u8350\u7684 fstab \u7247\u6bb5\u793a\u4f8b\uff08\u7b80\u5316\uff09<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                  \n
                  \n
                  text<\/div>\n
                  \n
                  # \/etc\/fstab\r\nUUID=xxx   \/          ext4   defaults,noatime        0 1\r\nUUID=yyy   \/boot      ext4   defaults                0 2\r\nUUID=zzz   \/var       xfs    defaults,noatime        0 2\r\nUUID=aaa   \/home      ext4   defaults,noatime,usrjquota=aquota.user,grpjquota=aquota.group,jqfmt=vfsv1   0 2\r\ntmpfs      \/tmp       tmpfs  defaults,noatime,mode=1777,size=4G   0 0<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/div>\n
                  \u638c\u63e1 Ubuntu \u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u7ed3\u6784\u540e\uff0c\u4f60\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u201c\u627e\u4e1c\u897f\u201d\u4ece\u51e0\u5206\u949f\u53d8\u6210\u51e0\u79d2\u949f\uff0c\u8fd0\u7ef4\u6548\u7387\u5927\u5e45\u63d0\u5347\u3002\u5efa\u8bae\u5728\u65b0\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u5b9e\u9645\u8d70\u4e00\u904d\u6bcf\u4e2a\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u6572 ls -l \u6216 du -sh * \u770b\u5185\u5bb9\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u76f4\u89c2\u5370\u8c61\u3002<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
                  Linux\uff08\u5305\u62ec Ubuntu\uff09...<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4924],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-210668","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-setup-tutorials"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210668","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=210668"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210668\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":210669,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210668\/revisions\/210669"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=210668"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=210668"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=210668"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}