{"id":210658,"date":"2026-02-02T19:26:54","date_gmt":"2026-02-02T11:26:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/?p=210658"},"modified":"2026-02-05T19:30:36","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T11:30:36","slug":"ubuntu-%e6%9c%8d%e5%8a%a1%e5%99%a8%e5%b8%b8%e7%94%a8%e8%bf%90%e7%bb%b4%e5%91%bd%e4%bb%a4%e5%a4%a7%e5%85%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/210658\/","title":{"rendered":"Ubuntu \u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5e38\u7528\u8fd0\u7ef4\u547d\u4ee4\u5927\u5168"},"content":{"rendered":"<p dir=\"auto\">\u5728Ubuntu\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8fd0\u7ef4\u4e2d\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4\u884c\u624d\u662f\u6700\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u5de5\u5177\u3002\u8fd9\u4efd\u6e05\u5355\u805a\u7126\u9ad8\u9891\u573a\u666f\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u5728\u6545\u969c\u65f6\u5feb\u901f\u5b9a\u4f4d\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u6392\u67e5\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5185\u5bb9\u6309\u5de5\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b\u7ec4\u7ec7\uff0c\u53ea\u4fdd\u7559\u6700\u5b9e\u7528\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u65e5\u5e38\u53c2\u8003\u548c\u5e94\u6025\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\">1. \u5feb\u901f\u5224\u65ad\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5f53\u524d\u72b6\u6001\uff08\u767b\u5f55\u540e\u524d5\u79d2\u5fc5\u505a\uff09<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u767b\u5f55\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u540e\uff0c\u9996\u5148\u9700\u8981\u786e\u8ba4\u73af\u5883\u548c\u8d44\u6e90\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u8bef\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li>hostnamectl\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u4e3b\u673a\u540d\u3001\u7cfb\u7edf\u7248\u672c\u3001\u5185\u6838\u3001\u865a\u62df\u5316\u7c7b\u578b\u7b49\u5173\u952e\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3Ubuntu\u6700\u5168\u9762\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u6982\u89c8\u547d\u4ee4\u3002<\/li>\n<li>uptime \u6216 w\uff1a\u67e5\u770b\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u957f\u3001\u5728\u7ebf\u7528\u6237\u6570\u4ee5\u53ca1\/5\/15\u5206\u949f\u8d1f\u8f7d\u5e73\u5747\u503c\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u5feb\u901f\u5224\u65ad\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u662f\u5426\u5904\u4e8e\u9ad8\u8d1f\u8f7d\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li>free -h\uff1a\u4ee5\u4eba\u7c7b\u53ef\u8bfb\u683c\u5f0f\u663e\u793a\u5185\u5b58\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8available\u5217\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u771f\u6b63\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u65b0\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u3002<\/li>\n<li>df -h\uff1a\u68c0\u67e5\u6240\u6709\u6302\u8f7d\u70b9\u7684\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6839\u5206\u533a\u3001\/var\u548c\u6570\u636e\u76ee\u5f55\u662f\u5426\u63a5\u8fd1\u6ee1\u8f7d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>top\uff08\u6216\u63d0\u524d\u5b89\u88c5htop\/btop\uff09\uff1a\u5b9e\u65f6\u67e5\u770b\u8fdb\u7a0b\u8d44\u6e90\u5360\u7528\uff0c\u6309M\u6392\u5e8f\u5185\u5b58\u3001P\u6392\u5e8fCPU\uff0c\u80fd\u7acb\u5373\u53d1\u73b0\u5f02\u5e38\u9ad8\u5360\u7528\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u8fd9\u4e94\u6761\u547d\u4ee4\u7ec4\u5408\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u51e0\u4e4e\u80fd\u8986\u76d680%\u7684\u201c\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7a81\u7136\u53d8\u6162\u201d\u521d\u6b65\u8bca\u65ad\u9700\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\">2. \u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u7ba1\u7406\uff08APT\u4f53\u7cfb\uff09<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\">Ubuntu\u7684\u8f6f\u4ef6\u7ba1\u7406\u4f9d\u8d56APT\u4f53\u7cfb\uff0capt\u547d\u4ee4\u5df2\u6210\u4e3a\u4e3b\u6d41\u3002<\/p>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u6807\u51c6\u64cd\u4f5c\u6d41\u7a0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"auto\">\n<li>sudo apt update\uff1a\u5237\u65b0\u8f6f\u4ef6\u6e90\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u83b7\u53d6\u6700\u65b0\u5305\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>sudo apt upgrade\uff1a\u5347\u7ea7\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\uff0c-y\u53c2\u6570\u53ef\u8df3\u8fc7\u786e\u8ba4\u3002<\/li>\n<li>sudo apt full-upgrade\uff1a\u5904\u7406\u6d89\u53ca\u4f9d\u8d56\u53d8\u66f4\u6216\u5185\u6838\u66f4\u65b0\u7684\u590d\u6742\u5347\u7ea7\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>sudo apt install \u5305\u540d\uff1a\u5b89\u88c5\u6307\u5b9a\u8f6f\u4ef6\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u540c\u65f6\u5b89\u88c5\u591a\u4e2a\u5305\u3002<\/li>\n<li>sudo apt remove &#8211;purge \u5305\u540d &amp;&amp; sudo apt autoremove\uff1a\u5f7b\u5e95\u5220\u9664\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5e76\u6e05\u7406\u65e0\u7528\u4f9d\u8d56\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u5176\u4ed6\u5e38\u7528\u529f\u80fd\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li>apt search \u5173\u952e\u8bcd\uff1a\u641c\u7d22\u53ef\u7528\u8f6f\u4ef6\u5305\u3002<\/li>\n<li>apt show \u5305\u540d\uff1a\u67e5\u770b\u5305\u7684\u7248\u672c\u3001\u4f9d\u8d56\u3001\u5927\u5c0f\u7b49\u8be6\u7ec6\u4fe1\u606f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>apt list &#8211;installed\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u5b89\u88c5\u5305\uff0c\u66f4\u76f4\u89c2\u3002<\/li>\n<li>sudo apt install -f\uff1a\u4fee\u590d\u635f\u574f\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<li>sudo needrestart\uff08\u9700\u5b89\u88c5\uff09\uff1a\u5347\u7ea7\u540e\u68c0\u67e5\u54ea\u4e9b\u670d\u52a1\u9700\u8981\u91cd\u542f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\">3. \u670d\u52a1\u4e0e\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ba1\u7406\uff08systemd\u65f6\u4ee3\uff09<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\">systemd\u5df2\u6210\u4e3aUbuntu\u670d\u52a1\u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li>systemctl status \u670d\u52a1\u540d\uff1a\u67e5\u770b\u670d\u52a1\u8fd0\u884c\u72b6\u6001\u3001PID\u548c\u6700\u8fd1\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002<\/li>\n<li>systemctl start\/stop\/restart\/reload \u670d\u52a1\u540d\uff1a\u57fa\u672c\u63a7\u5236\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0creload\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4ec5\u91cd\u8f7d\u914d\u7f6e\u7684\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>systemctl enable\/disable \u670d\u52a1\u540d\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u6216\u53d6\u6d88\u5f00\u673a\u81ea\u542f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>journalctl -u \u670d\u52a1\u540d -n 200\uff1a\u67e5\u770b\u670d\u52a1\u6700\u8fd1200\u884c\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002<\/li>\n<li>journalctl -u \u670d\u52a1\u540d -f\uff1a\u5b9e\u65f6\u8ddf\u968f\u65e5\u5fd7\u8f93\u51fa\u3002<\/li>\n<li>journalctl -u \u670d\u52a1\u540d &#8211;since &#8220;2 hours ago&#8221;\uff1a\u6309\u65f6\u95f4\u6bb5\u67e5\u770b\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002<\/li>\n<li>ss -tulnp\uff1a\u5217\u51fa\u6240\u6709\u76d1\u542c\u7aef\u53e3\u53ca\u5176\u5bf9\u5e94\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff0c\u5df2\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u4ee3netstat\u3002<\/li>\n<li>pkill -f \u7279\u5f81 \u6216 killall \u8fdb\u7a0b\u540d\uff1a\u5feb\u901f\u7ec8\u6b62\u5339\u914d\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\">4. \u7f51\u7edc\u8bca\u65ad\u4e0e\u7aef\u53e3\u6392\u67e5<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u7f51\u7edc\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u8fd0\u7ef4\u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6545\u969c\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li>ip a\uff1a\u7b80\u6d01\u67e5\u770b\u6240\u6709\u7f51\u5361IP\u548c\u72b6\u6001\u3002<\/li>\n<li>ip route\uff1a\u663e\u793a\u8def\u7531\u8868\u548c\u9ed8\u8ba4\u7f51\u5173\u3002<\/li>\n<li>ping -c 4 \u76ee\u6807 \u6216 mtr \u76ee\u6807\uff1a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8fde\u901a\u6027\u548c\u8def\u5f84\u5ef6\u8fdf\uff0cmtr\u66f4\u9002\u5408\u89c2\u5bdf\u6ce2\u52a8\u3002<\/li>\n<li>dig +short \u57df\u540d\uff1a\u5feb\u901f\u67e5\u8be2DNS\u89e3\u6790\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>curl -I \u7f51\u5740\uff1a\u4ec5\u83b7\u53d6HTTP\u54cd\u5e94\u5934\uff0c\u5224\u65ad\u7ad9\u70b9\u662f\u5426\u6b63\u5e38\u3002<\/li>\n<li>sudo ufw status verbose\uff1a\u67e5\u770b\u7b80\u6613\u9632\u706b\u5899\u89c4\u5219\u3002<\/li>\n<li>sudo ufw allow \u7aef\u53e3\/tcp \u6216 sudo ufw allow from \u7279\u5b9aIP\uff1a\u5feb\u901f\u5f00\u653e\u7aef\u53e3\u6216\u9650\u5236\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\">5. \u78c1\u76d8\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u3001\u7a7a\u95f4\u7ba1\u7406<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u78c1\u76d8\u7a7a\u95f4\u8017\u5c3d\u662f\u5bfc\u81f4\u670d\u52a1\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u5e38\u89c1\u539f\u56e0\u3002<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li>df -h \u548c df -i\uff1a\u5206\u522b\u67e5\u770b\u7a7a\u95f4\u548cinode\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\uff0cinode\u6ee1\u540c\u6837\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u201c\u65e0\u6cd5\u5199\u5165\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li>du -sh \/* | sort -hr\uff1a\u627e\u51fa\u6839\u76ee\u5f55\u4e0b\u5360\u7528\u6700\u5927\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li>find \/ -type f -size +1G 2&gt;\/dev\/null\uff1a\u5b9a\u4f4d\u8d85\u5927\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>find \/var\/log -type f -mtime +90\uff1a\u67e5\u627e\u8d85\u8fc790\u5929\u7684\u65e7\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u5e38\u89c4\u6e05\u7406\u63aa\u65bd\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li>sudo apt clean\uff1a\u6e05\u9664\u4e0b\u8f7d\u7684deb\u5305\u7f13\u5b58\u3002<\/li>\n<li>sudo journalctl &#8211;vacuum-time=90d \u6216 &#8211;vacuum-size=5G\uff1a\u9650\u5236systemd\u65e5\u5fd7\u4f53\u79ef\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8c28\u614e\u6e05\u7406 \/tmp \u76ee\u5f55\uff08\u5efa\u8bae\u91cd\u542f\u524d\u6267\u884c\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\">6. \u65e5\u5fd7\u67e5\u770b\u4e0e\u5b9a\u4f4d<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u65e5\u5fd7\u662f\u6392\u67e5\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4f9d\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li>journalctl -xe\uff1a\u67e5\u770b\u6700\u8fd1\u7684\u5173\u952e\u9519\u8bef\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>journalctl &#8211;priority=3\uff1a\u4ec5\u663e\u793aerror\u53ca\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7ea7\u522b\u65e5\u5fd7\u3002<\/li>\n<li>tail -n 200 -f \/var\/log\/\u5e94\u7528\u65e5\u5fd7\uff1a\u4f20\u7edf\u65b9\u5f0f\u8ddf\u8e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>grep -i &#8220;error|fail|denied&#8221; \/var\/log\/auth.log\uff1a\u5feb\u901f\u7b5b\u9009\u8ba4\u8bc1\u76f8\u5173\u5f02\u5e38\u3002<\/li>\n<li>last\uff1a\u67e5\u770b\u6700\u8fd1\u6210\u529f\u767b\u5f55\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/li>\n<li>grep &#8220;Failed password&#8221; \/var\/log\/auth.log | tail -20\uff1a\u68c0\u67e5\u66b4\u529b\u7834\u89e3\u5c1d\u8bd5\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\">7. \u7528\u6237\u4e0e\u5b89\u5168\u76f8\u5173<\/h3>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li>w\uff1a\u67e5\u770b\u5f53\u524d\u5728\u7ebf\u7528\u6237\u53ca\u5176\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002<\/li>\n<li>adduser \u7528\u6237\u540d \u2192 usermod -aG sudo \u7528\u6237\u540d \u2192 passwd \u7528\u6237\u540d\uff1a\u6807\u51c6\u521b\u5efa\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u7528\u6237\u6d41\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u901a\u8fc7 \/etc\/sudoers.d\/ \u521b\u5efa\u72ec\u7acb\u6587\u4ef6\u914d\u7f6esudo\u6743\u9650\uff0c\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u53ef\u63a7\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\">8. \u6027\u80fd\u5386\u53f2\u6570\u636e\uff08sysstat\u5957\u4ef6\uff09<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u5b89\u88c5sysstat\u540e\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528sar\u67e5\u770b\u5386\u53f2\u6307\u6807\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li>sar -u\uff1aCPU\u5386\u53f2\u4f7f\u7528\u7387\u3002<\/li>\n<li>sar -r\uff1a\u5185\u5b58\u5386\u53f2\u4f7f\u7528\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/li>\n<li>sar -d\uff1a\u78c1\u76d8IO\u5386\u53f2\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n<li>sar -n DEV\uff1a\u7f51\u5361\u6d41\u91cf\u5386\u53f2\u7edf\u8ba1\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\">9. \u5feb\u901f\u5907\u4efd\u5c0f\u6280\u5de7<\/h3>\n<ul dir=\"auto\">\n<li>tar -zcf backup-$(date +%F).tar.gz \/\u76ee\u6807\u76ee\u5f55\uff1a\u6253\u5305\u538b\u7f29\u3002<\/li>\n<li>rsync -avz &#8211;delete \u6765\u6e90\/ \u76ee\u6807\uff1a\u589e\u91cf\u540c\u6b65\u5e76\u4fdd\u6301\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/li>\n<li>mysqldump &#8211;single-transaction \u5e93\u540d &gt; backup.sql\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u903b\u8f91\u5907\u4efd\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 dir=\"auto\">\u603b\u7ed3\uff1a30\u79d2\u9ec4\u91d1\u6392\u67e5\u94fe<\/h3>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u9762\u5bf9\u7a81\u53d1\u6545\u969c\uff0c\u6309\u4ee5\u4e0b\u987a\u5e8f\u6267\u884c\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol dir=\"auto\">\n<li>uptime \/ w \u2192 \u5224\u65ad\u8d1f\u8f7d\u548c\u5f02\u5e38\u7528\u6237<\/li>\n<li>free -h + df -h \u2192 \u68c0\u67e5\u8d44\u6e90\u662f\u5426\u8017\u5c3d<\/li>\n<li>top \u2192 \u5b9a\u4f4d\u9ad8\u5360\u7528\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/li>\n<li>systemctl status \u76f8\u5173\u670d\u52a1<\/li>\n<li>journalctl -u \u670d\u52a1 -n 100 -xe \u2192 \u67e5\u770b\u9519\u8bef\u65e5\u5fd7<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p dir=\"auto\">\u719f\u7ec3\u638c\u63e1\u8fd9\u4e9b\u547d\u4ee4\u548c\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u80fd\u5927\u5e45\u63d0\u5347\u6545\u969c\u54cd\u5e94\u901f\u5ea6\u3002\u5e0c\u671b\u8fd9\u4efd\u6e05\u5355\u6210\u4e3a\u4f60\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u53c2\u8003\u5de5\u5177\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5728Ubuntu\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u8fd0\u7ef4\u4e2d\uff0c\u547d\u4ee4&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4924],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-210658","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-setup-tutorials"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210658","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=210658"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210658\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":210659,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/210658\/revisions\/210659"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=210658"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=210658"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=210658"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}