{"id":208746,"date":"2025-09-29T21:23:16","date_gmt":"2025-09-29T13:23:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.server.hk\/blog\/208746\/"},"modified":"2025-09-29T21:23:17","modified_gmt":"2025-09-29T13:23:17","slug":"vps-fail2ban","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/server.hk\/cnblog\/208746\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4e00\u6587\u641e\u5b9a\uff1a\u5728\u9999\u6e2fVPS\u4e0a\u7528Fail2Ban\u9632\u6b62\u5165\u4fb5"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u5728\u8fd0\u7ef4\u9999\u6e2fVPS\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u4e91\u4e3b\u673a\u65f6\uff0c\u5f02\u5e38\u767b\u5f55\u4e0e\u626b\u63cf\u653b\u51fb\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u95ee\u9898\u3002Fail2Ban \u662f\u4e00\u6b3e\u8f7b\u91cf\u4e14\u529f\u80fd\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5165\u4fb5\u9632\u62a4\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5206\u6790\u65e5\u5fd7\u81ea\u52a8\u5c01\u7981\u53ef\u7591 IP\uff0c\u9002\u914d\u591a\u79cd\u670d\u52a1\uff08\u5982 SSH\u3001Nginx\u3001Dovecot \u7b49\uff09\u3002\u672c\u6587\u9762\u5411\u7ad9\u957f\u3001\u4f01\u4e1a\u7528\u6237\u4e0e\u5f00\u53d1\u8005\uff0c\u8be6\u7ec6\u8bb2\u89e3 Fail2Ban \u5728\u9999\u6e2f VPS \u4e0a\u7684\u90e8\u7f72\u539f\u7406\u3001\u5b9e\u6218\u914d\u7f6e\u3001\u5178\u578b\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f\u3001\u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u9632\u62a4\u624b\u6bb5\u7684\u4f18\u52a3\u6bd4\u8f83\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9009\u8d2d VPS \u65f6\u7684\u5b9e\u7528\u5efa\u8bae\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u7528\u6700\u5c11\u7684\u64cd\u4f5c\u628a\u4e3b\u673a\u7684\u66b4\u9732\u9762\u964d\u5230\u6700\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>Fail2Ban \u5de5\u4f5c\u539f\u7406\u6982\u89c8<\/h2>\n<p>Fail2Ban \u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u601d\u60f3\u5f88\u76f4\u63a5\uff1a\u76d1\u63a7\u670d\u52a1\u65e5\u5fd7\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u7b26\u5408\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u5f02\u5e38\u767b\u5f55\u6216\u653b\u51fb\u884c\u4e3a\uff08\u5982\u5bc6\u7801\u7206\u7834\u3001\u767b\u5f55\u5931\u8d25\u8fc7\u591a\u3001\u5f02\u5e38\u8bf7\u6c42\uff09\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u901a\u8fc7\u5df2\u6709\u7684\u201caction\u201d\u673a\u5236\u52a8\u6001\u963b\u65ad\u8fd9\u4e9b IP\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ec4\u4ef6\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Filter\uff08\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6b63\u5219\uff08failregex\uff09\u5339\u914d\u65e5\u5fd7\u4e2d\u7684\u6076\u610f\u884c\u4e3a\u884c\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982 SSH \u7684\u201cFailed password\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jail\uff08\u76d1\u72f1\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\u7ed1\u5b9a\u670d\u52a1\u540d\u79f0\u3001\u65e5\u5fd7\u8def\u5f84\u3001\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668\u4e0e\u5bf9\u5e94 action \u7684\u914d\u7f6e\u5355\u5143\uff0c\u5b9a\u4e49\u68c0\u6d4b\u9608\u503c\u3001\u5c01\u7981\u65f6\u95f4\u7b49\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>Action\uff08\u52a8\u4f5c\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\u89e6\u53d1\u5c01\u7981\u6216\u89e3\u5c01\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e38\u89c1\u4e3a\u4fee\u6539 iptables\u3001nftables\u3001firewalld \u6216\u4f7f\u7528 ipset \u63d0\u5347\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6d41\u7a0b\u4e3a\uff1a\u65e5\u5fd7\u4ea7\u751f \u2192 Filter \u5339\u914d \u2192 Jail \u8ba1\u6570 \u2192 \u8d85\u9608\u503c\u89e6\u53d1 Action\u3002Fail2Ban \u901a\u8fc7\u76d1\u542c\u65e5\u5fd7\u6587\u4ef6\uff08\u6216 systemd journal\uff09\u5b9e\u73b0\u5b9e\u65f6\u54cd\u5e94\uff0c\u914d\u7f6e\u7075\u6d3b\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u6b63\u5219\u4e0e\u811a\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u5728\u9999\u6e2f VPS \u4e0a\u90e8\u7f72\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6ce8\u610f\u70b9<\/h2>\n<p>\u9999\u6e2f VPS\uff08\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd VPS \u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u533a\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u76f8\u6bd4\uff09\u901a\u5e38\u7f51\u7edc\u5ef6\u8fdf\u4f4e\u3001\u8bbf\u95ee\u5185\u5730\u53cb\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e5f\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u6210\u4e3a\u516c\u7f51\u626b\u63cf\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5f53\u540c\u65f6\u8fd0\u884c\u591a\u4e2a\u5e38\u89c1\u670d\u52a1\u65f6\u3002\u90e8\u7f72 Fail2Ban \u65f6\u5e94\u5173\u6ce8\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u70b9\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u786e\u4fdd\u65e5\u5fd7\u5b8c\u6574\u4e14\u6613\u4e8e\u88ab Fail2Ban \u8bfb\u53d6\uff1aSSH \u7684\u65e5\u5fd7\u901a\u5e38\u5728 \/var\/log\/auth.log \u6216 systemd journal\uff1bNginx\u3001FTP\u3001\u90ae\u4ef6\u670d\u52a1\u4ea6\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u65e5\u5fd7\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5c01\u7981\u540e\u7aef\uff1a\u5bf9\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u5c01\u7981\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528 ipset + iptables \u6216 nftables + sets\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u9891\u7e41\u4fee\u6539\u5927\u578b iptables \u5217\u8868\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u8003\u8651\u4e0e\u9632\u706b\u5899\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u517c\u5bb9\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4f7f\u7528 ufw \u6216 firewalld\uff0c\u8981\u786e\u8ba4 Fail2Ban \u7684 action \u811a\u672c\u652f\u6301\u76f8\u5e94\u540e\u7aef\uff0c\u6216\u4f7f\u7528\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49 action\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u7ba1\u7406\u767d\u540d\u5355\uff1a\u5bf9\u5185\u7f51\u3001\u76d1\u63a7\u5e73\u53f0\u6216\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u670d\u52a1 IP \u505a\u767d\u540d\u5355\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u8bef\u5c01\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u5b89\u88c5\u4e0e\u57fa\u7840\u914d\u7f6e\uff08\u4ee5 Debian\/Ubuntu \u4e3a\u4f8b\uff09<\/h3>\n<p>\u5728\u9999\u6e2f\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u6267\u884c\uff1aapt update &amp;&amp; apt install fail2ban\u3002\u5b89\u88c5\u540e\u4e3b\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6\u4e3a \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.conf\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4e0d\u8981\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539\u8be5\u6587\u4ef6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728 \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.d\/ \u4e0b\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684 jail.local \u6216\u5728 \/etc\/fail2ban\/jail.local \u4e2d\u8986\u76d6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u57fa\u7840\u8bbe\u7f6e\u793a\u4f8b\uff08\u6587\u672c\u5316\u8bf4\u660e\uff09\uff1a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u9ed8\u8ba4\u5c01\u7981\u65f6\u95f4\u4e3a 1 \u5c0f\u65f6\uff08bantime = 3600\uff09\uff0c\u6700\u5927\u5931\u8d25\u6b21\u6570\u4e3a 5\uff08maxretry = 5\uff09\uff0c\u5bfb\u627e\u7a97\u53e3\u4e3a 10 \u5206\u949f\uff08findtime = 600\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\u914d\u7f6e SSH Jail<\/h3>\n<p>\u5178\u578b\u7684 jail.local \u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e sshd \u7684\u6761\u76ee\u5e94\u5305\u542b\u65e5\u5fd7\u8def\u5f84\u3001\u8fc7\u6ee4\u5668\u548c action\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u6307\u5b9a\u4f7f\u7528 iptables-multiport \u6216 iptables-ipset \u7684 action\u3002\u5173\u952e\u9879\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>enabled = true<\/li>\n<li>port = ssh\uff08\u6216\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7aef\u53e3\uff09<\/li>\n<li>filter = sshd<\/li>\n<li>logpath = \/var\/log\/auth.log\uff08\u6216\u4f7f\u7528 systemd\uff09<\/li>\n<li>bantime\u3001findtime\u3001maxretry \u6839\u636e\u9700\u6c42\u8c03\u6574<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u7684\u9999\u6e2f\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4f7f\u7528 systemd journal\uff0cFail2Ban \u4e5f\u652f\u6301 journalctl \u4f5c\u4e3a\u6570\u636e\u6e90\uff08\u8bbe\u7f6e backend = systemd\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4f18\u5316\u4e0e\u5b9e\u6218\u7b56\u7565<\/h2>\n<p>\u4ec5\u4ec5\u542f\u7528\u9ed8\u8ba4 jail \u867d\u7136\u80fd\u62e6\u622a\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u66b4\u529b\u7834\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u505a\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u4f18\u5316\uff1a<\/p>\n<h3>1. \u4f7f\u7528 ipset \u63d0\u5347\u5c01\u7981\u6548\u7387<\/h3>\n<p>\u5f53\u9700\u8981\u5c01\u7981\u5927\u91cf IP\uff08\u5c24\u5176\u9488\u5bf9\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u626b\u63cf\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u9891\u7e41\u64cd\u4f5c iptables \u4ee3\u4ef7\u9ad8\u3002\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528 ipset \u5c06\u88ab\u5c01\u7981 IP \u653e\u5165\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5728 iptables \u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u6761\u89c4\u5219\u5339\u914d\u8be5\u96c6\u5408\u3002Fail2Ban \u81ea\u5e26 iptables-ipset action\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728 jail \u4e2d\u542f\u7528\u3002\u4f18\u70b9\uff1a\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u3001\u67e5\u627e\u5feb\u3001\u89c4\u5219\u7b80\u6d01\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>2. \u9488\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u670d\u52a1\u5b9a\u5236 Filter<\/h3>\n<p>Nginx \u7684 404 \u66b4\u529b\u6216\u626b\u63cf\u3001Dovecot\/Exim \u7684\u90ae\u4ef6\u7206\u7834\u3001vsftpd \u7684\u533f\u540d\u6ee5\u7528\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u9700\u8981\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u7684\u6b63\u5219\u3002\u7f16\u5199 failregex \u65f6\u8981\u9075\u5faa Fail2Ban \u7684\u6b63\u5219\u8bed\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 fail2ban-regex \u5de5\u5177\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5339\u914d\u6548\u679c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\u5bf9 Nginx \u53ef\u5339\u914d\u5927\u91cf 404 \u8bf7\u6c42\u6216\u7279\u5b9a User-Agent\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3. \u96c6\u6210\u767d\u540d\u5355\u4e0e\u52a8\u6001\u7b56\u7565<\/h3>\n<p>\u5bf9\u6765\u81ea\u516c\u53f8 IP\u3001\u76d1\u63a7\u5e73\u53f0\u6216 CDN \u7684\u5408\u6cd5\u6d41\u91cf\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5217\u5165 ignoreip\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u8bef\u4f24\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9ad8\u4ef7\u503c\u670d\u52a1\uff08\u5982\u7ba1\u7406\u63a7\u5236\u9762\u677f\uff09\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u914d\u7f6e\u66f4\u4e25\u683c\u7684 maxretry \u548c\u66f4\u957f\u7684 bantime\u3002\u8fd8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 \u201crecidive\u201d jail\uff08\u8ffd\u8e2a\u91cd\u590d\u8fdd\u89c4\u8005\uff09\u5bf9\u91cd\u590d\u653b\u51fb\u8005\u5b9e\u65bd\u66f4\u957f\u671f\u5c01\u7981\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>4. \u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u9632\u62a4\u8054\u52a8<\/h3>\n<p>Fail2Ban \u4e0d\u662f\u4e07\u80fd\u7684\uff0c\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u662f\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u673a\u5236\u914d\u5408\uff1a\u524d\u7f6e WAF\uff08\u9632\u62a4\u5e94\u7528\u5c42\u653b\u51fb\uff09\u3001IDS\/IPS\u3001\u4e91\u7aef\u9ed1\u540d\u5355\u4e0e\u6d41\u91cf\u76d1\u63a7\u3002\u5bf9\u6bd4\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u9999\u6e2f\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u5916\u63d0\u4f9b\u670d\u52a1\uff0c\u4e0e\u7f8e\u56fd\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u6216\u7f8e\u56fd VPS \u5728\u5408\u89c4\u4e0e\u8bbf\u95ee\u5730\u7406\u4e0a\u6709\u6240\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u7b56\u7565\u4e0a\u53ef\u6839\u636e\u4e3b\u8981\u5ba2\u6237\u5730\u7406\u4f4d\u7f6e\u8c03\u6574\u5c01\u7981\u9608\u503c\u4e0e\u767d\u540d\u5355\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f\u4e0e\u6848\u4f8b<\/h2>\n<p>\u4e0b\u9762\u5217\u51fa\u82e5\u5e72\u5178\u578b\u573a\u666f\u53ca\u5efa\u8bae\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u516c\u5f00 SSH \u7ba1\u7406\u7684\u9999\u6e2f VPS<\/strong>\uff1a\u542f\u7528 sshd jail\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u975e\u6807\u51c6\u7aef\u53e3\u3001\u914d\u5408\u516c\u94a5\u8ba4\u8bc1\u3001\u5f00\u542f ipset\uff0c\u8bbe\u7f6e\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684 maxretry\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>Web \u670d\u52a1\uff08Nginx\uff09\u88ab\u6293\u53d6\u6216\u722c\u866b\u6cdb\u6ee5<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e3a Nginx \u914d\u7f6e\u4e13\u95e8 filter \u6765\u5339\u914d\u5927\u91cf 404\u3001\u77ed\u65f6\u95f4\u5185\u7684\u9ad8\u9891\u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u5e76\u5c01\u7981\u6076\u610f User-Agent\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9ad8\u9891\u653b\u51fb\u53ef\u7ed3\u5408 rate-limit \u4e0e WAF\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u90ae\u4ef6\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u53d7\u66b4\u529b\u7834\u89e3<\/strong>\uff1a\u914d\u7f6e Dovecot\/Postfix \u7684 failregex\uff0c\u542f\u7528 recidive jail \u5bf9\u91cd\u590d\u8005\u957f\u671f\u5c01\u7981\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6df7\u5408\u4e91\u67b6\u6784\uff08\u9999\u6e2f + \u7f8e\u56fd VPS\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u533a\u57df\u7684\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u4e0a\u7edf\u4e00\u7b56\u7565\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u8de8\u533a\u57df\u8bbf\u95ee\u7684\u4e1a\u52a1 IP \u505a\u767d\u540d\u5355\uff0c\u4ee5\u514d\u8bef\u4f24\u5185\u90e8\u540c\u6b65\u6216\u5907\u4efd\u6d41\u91cf\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u4f18\u52bf\u5bf9\u6bd4\uff1aFail2Ban \u4e0e\u5176\u5b83\u65b9\u6848<\/h2>\n<p>\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u66ff\u4ee3\u6216\u8865\u5145\u65b9\u6848\u5305\u62ec\u5546\u4e1a WAF\u3001\u4e91\u9632\u62a4\u670d\u52a1\u3001IDS\/IPS\u3002Fail2Ban \u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u90e8\u7f72\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u8d44\u6e90\u5360\u7528\u4f4e\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u9999\u6e2f VPS\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u670d\u52a1\u5668\u7b49\u5e38\u89c1\u4e91\u4e3b\u673a\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u9ad8\u5ea6\u53ef\u5b9a\u5236\uff0c\u53ef\u9488\u5bf9\u5404\u79cd\u670d\u52a1\u5199 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